{"id":2417,"date":"2022-03-10T14:37:58","date_gmt":"2022-03-10T11:37:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/turknetwp.local\/?p=2417"},"modified":"2024-01-15T12:10:42","modified_gmt":"2024-01-15T09:10:42","slug":"tcp-ip-ve-osi-nedir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.turk.net\/blog\/tcp-ip-ve-osi-nedir\/","title":{"rendered":"TCP\/IP ve OSI Nedir?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bilgisayarlar\u0131n ya da a\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 cihazlar\u0131n s\u00fcrekli olarak bir ileti\u015fimde oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. Bu ileti\u015fim ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in pek \u00e7ok teknoloji ve kural var. \u0130\u015fte bu kurallar\u0131n yani protokolleri i\u00e7eren g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde en yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan protokol tak\u0131m\u0131na TCP\/IP denir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Olduk\u00e7a eski bir sistem olan TCP\/IP ilk olarak OSI tabanl\u0131 sistemlere alternatif olarak geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ise internete veri aktar\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan 2 protokol\u00fc kapsar. Bunlar, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ve Internet Protocol\u2019dur. Bir\u00e7ok protokol\u00fc i\u00e7erisinde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Bunlara \u00f6rnek olarak FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer) protokolleri verilebilir. TCP k\u0131sm\u0131 veri transferi k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 belirtirken IP k\u0131sm\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131ma yolunu bulmay\u0131 belirtir.<\/span><\/p>\n

TCP\/IP\u2019de bir cihazdan yollanan veriler katmanlara g\u00f6re paketlenerek yollan\u0131r. Al\u0131c\u0131 cihaza ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise bu veri paketleri tek tek a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p veri ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Katmanlar derken bu protokol tak\u0131m\u0131 d\u00f6rt farkl\u0131 katmandan olu\u015fur; Application (Uygulama), Transport (Ta\u015f\u0131ma), Internet, Network Interface (A\u011f aray\u00fcz\u00fc). Bu katmanlar\u0131n i\u015flevlerini k\u0131saca tan\u0131mlamak gerekirse;<\/span><\/p>\n

Uygulama (Application) Katman\u0131:<\/strong> Uygulama katman\u0131nda, veri paketini g\u00f6ndermek isteyen uygulama ve kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dosya bi\u00e7imi tespit edilerek g\u00f6nderilen veri paketinin\u00a0 t\u00fcr\u00fcne g\u00f6re\u00a0 farkl\u0131 protokoller devreye girer (HTTP,\u00a0 SMTP, FTP, Telnet, vs.) ve\u00a0 programlarla Ta\u015f\u0131ma protokollerinin haberle\u015fmesi sa\u011flan\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan g\u00f6rev art\u0131k Ta\u015f\u0131ma katman\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ta\u015f\u0131ma katman\u0131yla da ileti\u015fim portlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ta\u015f\u0131ma (Transport) Katman\u0131: <\/strong>Ta\u015f\u0131ma katman\u0131 asl\u0131nda u\u00e7tan uca ileti\u015fim ile ilgilenen katmand\u0131r. Yani verinin nas\u0131l g\u00f6nderilece\u011fi belirlenir. Ayr\u0131ca veri g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve hata kontrol\u00fc gibi i\u015flemler bu katmanda yap\u0131l\u0131r. TCP ve UDP protokolleri bu katmanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Ta\u015f\u0131ma katman\u0131, veri paketi g\u00f6nderirken \u0130nternet katman\u0131 ile veri al\u0131rken de Uygulama katman\u0131 ile ileti\u015fim halindedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130nternet Katman\u0131: <\/strong>Bu katmanda verinin kaynaktan hedefe y\u00f6nlendirilmesi sa\u011flan\u0131r. Kaynak IP adresi<\/a> bu katmanda veriye eklenir. Genel olarak bu katman a\u011fdaki verilen paketlenmesinden, ele al\u0131nmas\u0131ndan ve y\u00f6nlendirilmesinden sorumludur.<\/span><\/p>\n

A\u011f Aray\u00fcz (Network Interface) Katman\u0131: <\/strong>A\u011f Eri\u015fim Katman\u0131, fiziksel a\u011fa eri\u015fim sa\u011flar yani g\u00f6nderilen verilen son dura\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Verilerin fiziksel olarak 1 ve 0\u2019lara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclerek ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r. Ethernet, FDDI, Token Ring, ATM, OC, HSSI ve hatta Wi-Fi, t\u00fcm a\u011f ara y\u00fczlerine \u00f6rnektir. Ethernet A\u011f Aray\u00fcz\u00fc Katman\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan ve veri iletiminin fiziksel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flayan en yayg\u0131n kablolu yerel a\u011f teknolojisidir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

OSI:<\/strong> TCP\/IP gibi OSI modeli de temelde iki bilgisayar aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fimin nas\u0131l olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bilgisayar a\u011flar\u0131 olu\u015fturulurken kullan\u0131lan yaz\u0131l\u0131msal ve donan\u0131msal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri bir d\u00fczene oturtan standartt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca d\u00f6neminde \u00fcretici ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131ran ilk modeldir.<\/span><\/p>\n

OSI modeli de \u00e7e\u015fitli katmanlara ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu katmanlar; Fiziksel katman, Veri Ba\u011flant\u0131 Katman\u0131, A\u011f katman\u0131, Ta\u015f\u0131ma Katman\u0131, Oturum Katman\u0131, Sunu Katman\u0131, Uygulama Katman\u0131. Her katman\u0131n g\u00f6revi bir sonraki katmana veriyi ula\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Gerekli ileti\u015fim de bu \u015fekilde sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fiziksel (Physical) Katman: <\/b>OSI modelinin ilk katman\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 zamanda donan\u0131m katman\u0131d\u0131r. Elektrik, radyo sinyallerinden sorumludur. ATM, FDDI gibi protokoller bu katmanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Veri Ba\u011flant\u0131 (Data Link) Katman\u0131: <\/b>Veri Ba\u011flant\u0131 katman\u0131, hatas\u0131z veri transferini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Fiziksel katman\u0131n eri\u015fim yetkilerini ve kurallar\u0131n\u0131 belirler. Bu katmanda Ethernet gibi eri\u015fim y\u00f6ntemleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve veriyi kendi protokollerine uygun hale getirirler. Bu katman\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 a\u011f kart\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. A\u011f \u00fczerindeki di\u011fer cihazlar\u0131 tan\u0131mlama, a\u011f\u0131n hangi cihaz taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit etme ve ilk katman olan fiziksel katmandan gelen verinin hata kontrol\u00fc yine bu katmanda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

A\u011f (Network) Katman\u0131: <\/b>Verinin iletilece\u011fi en uygun fiziksel yolun belirlendi\u011fi katmand\u0131r. Adresleme ve adres \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme i\u015flemleri bu katmanda yap\u0131l\u0131r. IP (Internet Protocol) gibi mant\u0131ksal adresleri kullanarak hedefi bulur. IP, IPv4, IPv6 gibi protokoller bu katmanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Yani k\u0131sacas\u0131 veri paketinin y\u00f6nlendirilmesi ve iletilmesi bu katmanda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ta\u015f\u0131ma (Transport) Katman\u0131: <\/b>Alt katmanlar ve \u00fcst katmanlar aras\u0131ndaki bir ge\u00e7it katman\u0131d\u0131r. Ta\u015f\u0131ma katman\u0131 verinin nas\u0131l iletilece\u011finin belirlendi\u011fi katmand\u0131r. Ta\u015f\u0131ma katman\u0131nda verinin u\u00e7tan uca hangi protokoller kullan\u0131larak iletilece\u011fi belirlenir. TCP ve UDP gibi protokoller bu katmanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Oturum (Sesion) Katman\u0131: <\/b>Bu katman oturum ve ba\u011flant\u0131 koordinasyonu ile ilgilenir. Uygulamalar aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131, y\u00f6netimi ve sonland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sorumludur. Cihazlar birden fazla cihazla ileti\u015fime ge\u00e7ti\u011finde do\u011fru bilgisayarla olan ileti\u015fimin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Oturum katman\u0131 veri g\u00fcvenli\u011fini ve veri iletiminde sorun olu\u015fmu\u015f ise verinin tekrar iletilmesini sa\u011flar. NFS, Net BIOS, Sockets ve SQL gibi protokoller bu katmanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sunu (Presentation) Katman\u0131: <\/b>Sunu katman\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6revi, verinin di\u011fer bilgisayarda anla\u015f\u0131lacak \u015fekle \u00e7evrilmesidir. Uygulama katman\u0131na veri iletirken veriler \u00fczerinde kodlama ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme i\u015flemleri yap\u0131l\u0131r. Verinin \u015fifrelenmesi, \u015fifreli verinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesi, s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, geni\u015fletilmesi bu katmanda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uygulama (Application) Katman\u0131: <\/b>Uygulama katman\u0131 kullan\u0131c\u0131ya en yak\u0131n katmand\u0131r. Do\u011frudan yaz\u0131l\u0131m uygulamas\u0131 ile etkile\u015fime girer. Kullan\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan eposta, veritaban\u0131 ve web taray\u0131c\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 bu katmanda yer al\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bilgisayarlar\u0131n ya da a\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 cihazlar\u0131n s\u00fcrekli olarak bir ileti\u015fimde oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. Bu ileti\u015fim ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in pek \u00e7ok teknoloji ve kural var. \u0130\u015fte bu kurallar\u0131n yani protokolleri i\u00e7eren g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde en yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan protokol tak\u0131m\u0131na TCP\/IP denir. Olduk\u00e7a eski bir sistem olan TCP\/IP ilk olarak OSI tabanl\u0131 sistemlere alternatif olarak geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ise internete veri […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":4862,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2417","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-internet-terimleri"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nTCP\/IP ve OSI Nedir? - Turknet Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0130nternet teknolojileri ile ilgili en merak edilen terimleri a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yaz\u0131 serimizin bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde TCP\/IP ve OSI terimlerini anlatt\u0131k.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turk.net\/blog\/tcp-ip-ve-osi-nedir\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"TCP\/IP ve OSI Nedir? 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